Private Equity Outlook 2017: Signs of Fatigue
The private equity industry is showing signs of maturity as record competition amongst funds and record-high levels of dry powder, combined with strong competition from cash-rich corporates, have driven valuations to levels that make it difficult to see how returns could remain competitive.
The private equity industry is showing signs of maturity as record competition amongst funds and record-high levels of dry powder, combined with strong competition from cash-rich corporates, have driven valuations to levels that make it difficult to see how returns could remain competitive.
Anuar has executed $1bn+ worth of transactions across the Americas. He’s an expert in growth strategy, M&A, and valuation.
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Key Highlights
- From its origins in the 1970s, buyout private equity has grown into one of the most well-known and now one of the largest asset classes within the private capital space. In the US, if one aggregates the top five PE funds by number of people employed, they would rank second only after Walmart.
- The North American private equity market is by far the largest in terms of value, accounting for over 57% of global deal value in 2015. The second most active area in the world in terms of value of deals was Europe, with China increasingly becoming a PE superpower.
- The private equity industry is likely entering a phase of maturity. After more than three decades of strong growth, in which global deal volumes ballooned from the $30 billion range in the mid-1990s to nearly $700 billion in 2006/2007, the industry is showing classic symptoms of entering a “maturity phase.”
- At no point in history has the private equity space been as competitive as it is today. Between the years 2000 and 2016, the number of private equity firms globally has tripled and the amount of assets under management (AUM) has grown from almost $600 billion in 2000 to almost $2,500 billion.
- Increased competition from cash-rich corporates. This is resulting in increased numbers of auctions with corporates who, as we describe, are in many cases able to absorb higher valuations. As a result, in 2016 buyout firms’ global share of all M&A deals dropped to 4.2%, the lowest level since the 2009 recession minimums
- The above effects are creating market conditions which are unfavorable for the asset class. The excess of demand for deals has pushed valuations to highs only seen in the pre-recession years: a median purchase price of 9.2 times EBITDA globally, and 10.9 times EBITDA in the U.S., making it ever more challenging for PE funds to find attractive deals.
- Returns for the asset class have also already begun to suffer. Median net internal rates of return, have been largely stagnant since the beginning of the century at the 10% per-year mark.
- Increased regulatory pressure is also playing an ever-greater role. In June of 2011, the SEC mandated that buyout firms comply with the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, a change that gave the regulator legal recourse to audit buyout firms’ financials at a much higher level of detail. The percentage of fund managers who said that their firm had been subjected to exams or audits over the past two years rose to 47% in 2015, up from 28% in 2013.
- The controversial issue of carried interest (by many considered to be a quasi-tax loophole) also appears to be under scrutiny. In June 2015 the “Carried Interest Fairness Act of 2015” bill was introduced aiming to amend the situation. Estimates put the increased tax bill at as much as $180 billion over ten years.
- Investor scrutiny and competition. Partly as a result of the above, many limited partners are starting to demand more favorable fee structures and in some cases even competing directly against PE funds in the acquisition of target companies.
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Funds are having to innovate and find ways of remaining competitive/relevant. Many funds have begun changing their operating models and experimenting with new strategies. These changes include:
- A move to non-traditional buyout sectors such as technology and new areas in healthcare. Historically, the bulk of deals in the buyout space are placed in the consumer goods and finance industries.
- A greater emphasis on “buy-and-build” strategies of using portfolio companies as springboards through which to acquire similar or adjacent companies in order to build bigger portfolio assets. Such acquisitions give PE firms the freedom to direct existing portfolio investments in new directions and allows them to realize strategic synergies similar to corporate investors.
- An increased focus on portfolio management and generating operational efficiency in their investments. The days of relying mainly on financial engineering and leverage to generate value have passed.
- A greater use of technology and outsourcing to drive efficiency at the GP level. In terms of outsourcing certain operating functions, 88%, 82%, and 71% of investors agree that tax compliance, treasury, and fund accounting, respectively, are areas they feel comfortable moving to third parties
The Private Equity Industry Today
The private equity industry is today one of the largest and most important asset classes on the planet. Its influence on the economies of countries around the world is pronounced. Looking at employment for instance, in the US, if one aggregates the top five private equity groups, they would collectively be the second largest employer after Walmart, according to a recent study. And similar conclusions can be made when doing the same in Europe or Asia-Pacific (Chart 1).
But what exactly is private equity? How can an industry so poorly understood be among America’s top employers? How does it operate and who are the key players? How has it evolved over the years? Why has it been such a hot topic lately? This article aims to answer all the above questions and explore the evolution of this industry, with an assessment of the challenges it faces and a look at how different players in the industry are tackling them with new strategies and by finding less competed investment niches.
![Chart 1: PE Firms Are Among the Top Employers Worldwide](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123225%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496330691077-aebae3c328b78c16184a7031c53e15c2.jpg)
Definition and Overview
In and of itself, the definition of private equity (PE) is not a straightforward one. One could argue that, more than an asset class, it’s a style of investing in which investors, with the help of a manager, purchase companies with the aim of finding operational efficiencies over fairly long holding periods (generally 5-7 years). For those who do consider it as an asset type, Private equity is a subclass within the broader private capital sector (Table 1).
Private capital is a broad label applied to any private investment fund or vehicle that invests in the equity or debt securities of companies, real estate, and other real assets. The shape and form of these vehicles can vary substantially, but at their core, what binds them all together is that they are privately held, as opposed to publicly traded.
![Table 1: Closed-end Private Capital by Type](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123198%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327109041-eb4c0331208655bf380b53b7ccb6d715.jpg)
Among the different classes within private capital, one of the biggest is buyout private equity (Chart 2). And this classification is what we refer to as private equity, and the focus of this article. Having narrowed the playing field, we can now proceed to outline the key characteristics of this asset class—or style of investment—and the characteristics that define it.
![Chart 2: Private Capital Fundraising by Fund Type, 2016YTD](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123199%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327116587-0d575068d34bf83779d8ca4cf4631ed2.jpg)
Buyout private equity consists of creating funds as limited partnerships formed for the specific purpose of investing money. Such funds traditionally have an investment period of 5-7 years. The manager of the fund, often referred to as the general partner (GP), is a firm that structures the partnership and is responsible for managing the operations of the fund. The GP raises the money from investors (referred to as the limited partners), and takes on the task of finding/sourcing investment opportunities, analyzing them, and presenting them to the investment committee (often made up principally of the LPs) for approval.
Limited partners (LPs) have limited liability and usually have priority over GPs upon liquidation of the partnership. Typically, institutional investors such as insurance companies, pension funds, and university endowments are among the largest LPs. Other important investors are high net worth individuals and funds of funds.
![Figure 1: Example of Typical Private Equity Fund Structure](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123200%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327126655-547599acdb567db96571241f2da17c9c.jpg)
The purpose of buyout private equity is to buy equity stakes in companies in a range of industries (usually a majority stake) and to then find operational efficiencies and grow the businesses to later sell these and realize a profit.
Such acquisitions generally involve some kind of leverage, be it from banks, private investors or other forms of debt such as mezzanine debt. Leverage as a cheaper alternative to equity for financing deals helps private equity funds to boost the returns of investments made. Simply put, equity participates in the upside, while debt doesn’t. Consequently, the more debt you use, the more upside accrues to the PE fund as opposed to the debt provider (generally the banks). The use of large amounts of debt in the acquisition of companies has led to the term leveraged buyout, or LBO. LBOs have become synonymous with the private equity industry (although they are not a requirement) and are the main focus of this study.
Compensation and Fee Structure
Private equity firms are compensated by working with the 2 and 20 fee structure (or 2/20 model). The 2 represents the 2% annual management fee on capital deployed that is used to pay salaries and cover overhead—to “keep the lights on,” if you will. The 20 represents the 20% carry (or put another way, the commission) charged over a certain return threshold that the private equity firm gets to keep.
Typically, private equity funds have hurdle rates of around 8%, although this varies from fund to fund and from region to region. Once the debt portion of the fund has been honored, the distribution of funds for the different stakeholders begins.
Below the hurdle rate, only limited partners will have the right to any returns. But once the hurdle rate is breached, general partners are entitled to a 20% share on anything above the hurdle and, in most cases, on everything that has been generated below the hurdle. That is, after the hurdle is breached, funds enter the so called “catch-up” region when subsequent, post-hurdle distributions are accrued to the general partners until the carried interest equals 20% of the entire limited partners’ returns. Finally, if there are any distributions left, the profit sharing phase begins where limited partners are entitled to an 80% share of profits and the general partner is is entitled to 20% of profits.
![Chart 3: How Carried Interest Works in a private equity Fund](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123226%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496330718535-99d8f6c38dbb7f8ccbbc8b81bc8fdebe.jpg)
The North American private equity market is by far the largest in terms of value. According to Bloomberg, over 57% of global deal value in 2015, or roughly $459 billion, was concentrated in North America (Chart 4). The second most active area in the world in terms of value of deals was Europe, with China increasingly becoming a PE superpower. According to Bloomberg, China’s dominance as a PE superpower is only expected to increase in the coming years.
![Chart 4: Top Eight Countries by Deal Volume and % of Total Global Deal Volume](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123202%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327143534-344ff32f53623f7138d83d6f009663ee.jpg)
In terms of number of funds, the picture is largely unchanged. The U.S. is home to the greatest number of top private equity funds, followed by Western Europe and then China (Chart 5). A quick scan of the largest funds in the world reveals some familiar names. The Carlyle Group is the largest private equity manager in the world and has raised a total of $66 billion in the last 10 years. It is followed by the Blackstone Group with $62.2 billion and KKR with $62.2 billion. Goldman Sachs, TPG, Warburg Pincus, Advent International, Bain Capital and Apollo are all also important funds in the space and by now relatively well-known household names in the financial industry.
![Chart 5: Top 100 Private Equity GPs by Location; and Table 2: Top 20 Private Equity Firms by Capital Raised in the Last 10 Years](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123203%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327150656-4d27498e05e267693881babc6c5b38a1.jpg)
History and Context
Given the ambiguity of the definition of private equity, it is difficult to trace a precise historical path for the industry. After all, acquisitions of businesses and minority investments in companies has been happening for hundreds of years. However, if we go with our definition above and narrow down the scope using two specific aspects of the model, namely a) the LP/GP structure, and b) the use of leverage in buyouts, one could argue that the birth of the modern private equity industry can be traced back to the 1955, when McLean Industries, Inc. purchased the stock of Pan Atlantic Steamship Corporation and Gulf Florida Terminal Company, Inc. from Waterman Steamship Corporation. This is considered by many to have been the first example of a leveraged buyout, where the total acquisition consideration was financed mainly through the use of debt.
Nevertheless, the first true private equity fund (at least going by the definition we outlined above), can probably be credited to have been KKR, which was formed in 1976. Founded by Jerome Kohlberg, Henry Kravis, and George Roberts, KKR raised its first institutional fund in 1978 following the revision of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act which paved the way for greater investments into these types of financial vehicles. That same year KKR completed the largest take-private of all time with the acquisition of the publicly traded Houdaille Industries for $380 million.
Since then, the private equity industry has continued to grow steadily in both size and importance. As with many other markets, the PE industry’s rise can be traced through a few boom/bust cycles. The first one was during the 1980s when several new PE funds sprung up to take advantage of the increasing investor interest in this new type of investment vehicle. Strongly supporting the growth of this phase was the ascent of junk bonds (also known as High Yield bonds), which helped finance many of the LBOs of the period. This was the period in which the now (in)famous acquisition of RJR Nabisco took place, a deal later immortalized in the book Barbarians at the Gate.
With the advent of the Savings & Loan Crisis and the collapse of the junk bond market, the PE industry suffered, and the first boom/bust cycle came to an end. However, by the mid-1990s, the industry had already recovered, and the remaining part of the decade saw many headline-grabbing LBOs including Duane Reade (1997), J. Crew (1997), Domino’s Pizza (1998), and Petco (2000). Nevertheless, with the burst of the tech bubble and the associated stock market crash, the industry once again faced retrenchment. In particular, many PE funds had invested heavily in the telecommunications sector which of course was hard hit from the crash. The high-yield bond markets also froze up, making LBO activity all the more difficult.
As the dust from the Dotcom crash settled, the PE industry in the early 2000s embarked on the latest, and perhaps most spectacular, boom period for the industry. Fundraising grew at incredible rates, reaching all time highs by 2006/2007 (Chart 6). Fueled by a low interest rate environment which fostered favorable debt market conditions, as well as increasing regulation of public companies (making take-private’s more attractive), the PE industry entered a period of mega-buyouts, in which thirteen of the fifteen largest LBOs of all time were completed. The PE industry also witnessed strong growth around the world, with the asset class in Europe and Asia seeing strong traction.
![Chart 6: Buyout Deal Volume and Value over Time](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123227%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496330743543-466b7183ef2fed545e233cdf63de8828.jpg)
Also notable during this period was the launch of several publicly traded PE funds, including KKR, which raised a $5 billion permanent investment vehicle, and Blackstone, which actually became the first publicly traded private equity firm (meaning that the management company is publicly traded). This period also saw an institutionalization and formalization of the secondary market for private equity as an asset class. More than ever before, LPs bought and sold their stakes in PE funds, essentially giving birth to a whole sub-sector of the market that previously was fairly niche.
In many ways, the 2000s, up until the advent of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, marked the golden age for the sector as it reached record heights, and levels of depth and sophistication never seen before.
Private Equity Returns as an Asset Class
One of the reasons private equity has done so well historically is down to returns. No matter the time-horizon one takes into account, short or long, private equity has outperformed public markets in all major regions. This statement is true for the U.S., Europe and Asia-Pacific. Cambridge Associates’ U.S. Private Equity Index, for instance, returned 13.4% annually (net of fees) between 1986 and 2015 with a standard deviation of 9.4%, while the Russell 3000 Index (a well-known stock market index) returned 9.9% with a 16.7% standard deviation over the same period.
But higher returns come at the expense of liquidity: Private equity, as discussed, contemplates much longer investment horizons that are comfortable for patient capital owners who can afford to lock up large amounts of money for up to ten years in some cases. It’s no surprise pension funds and university endowments, which have very long term horizons, have been a traditional favorite of such investment vehicles. Public markets, on the other hand, offer almost immediate liquidity, but are subject to many more fluctuations in the day-to-day.
![Chart 7: Buyout Funds Have Outperformed Public Markets in All Major Regions over Short and Long Time Horizons](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123205%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327171082-7587176f8149d11fd7e27e813f75fc96.jpg)
Private Equity Trends and Threats
Despite the tremendous growth witnessed by the industry over the last three decades, the latest trends we are seeing are classic signs that the space is entering a phase of maturity. In particular, we see a series of what we refer to as “top-down” threats, as well as several “bottom-up” threats, all of which point to the fact that the industry’s growth trajectory is likely to flatten and perhaps even revert, and that fundamental changes are likely to take place over the coming years. We run through these in turn.
Top-Down Threats
Excessive Competition
At no point in history has the private equity space been as competitive as it is today. Between the years 2000 and 2016 the number of private equity firms globally has tripled and the amount of assets under management has grown from almost $600 billion in 2000 to almost $2,500 billion (Chart 8).
The huge amounts of capital that have flowed into the private equity industry also mean that accumulated “dry powder” is at record highs. Dry powder, the industry’s term for uninvested capital, grew to more than $500 billion by March 2017 (Chart 9).
![Chart 8: Both the Number of Firms and Assets under Management Are at Record Levels; and Chart 9: private equity Dry Powder by Fund Type, 2008-2017](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123206%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327194302-db9f72fd35ec610e3e1972843cd5bf8d.jpg)
LPs are not fans of dry powder. Idle capital means GPs charge fees over assets under management without having those funds working towards generating returns. As will be discussed later on, this has pushed LPs to seek different investment models, such as direct investments or co-investments.
Increased Competition from Corporates
Probably the greatest threat faced by buyout firms today is the one posed by corporations who over the past few years have accumulated vast amounts of cash (Chart 10). Corporates are therefore often competing against PE funds in the acquisition of target assets.
![Chart 10: Quarterly Cash and Short-term Investments - S&P 500 (Excluding Financials)](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123207%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327202087-a9dccf7246ae2c21a7e1709fbbdf6b79.jpg)
An important advantage that corporations have over PE funds is that a) they can extract strategic synergies from their acquisitions, making the value of these targets higher, and b) they can do so over longer investment horizons. While private equity firms are looking for exits in the 5-10 year range, corporations in most cases simply hold their positions, allowing them to absorb higher valuation multiples on their acquisition targets.
The result is that private equity funds are now losing out even more in mergers and acquisitions to non-financial companies than in the previous years. In 2016, buyout firms’ global share of all M&A deals dropped to 4.2%, the lowest level since the 2009 recession minimums. This was down from 5.4% as recently as 2014 and an all-time high of 7.9% in 2006 (Chart 11). The same trend is evident in Europe and in the U.S., private equity’s two biggest markets.
![Chart 11: Number of private equity Buyout Deals as % of Total M&A Deals](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123208%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327209591-a76a88929fbc48741e70f17763d6db17.jpg)
The most recent example of private equity groups being outbid by corporations is Verizon’s Yahoo $4.5 billion acquisition. TPG, Bain Capital, and Vista Equity, three of the largest PE groups in the world, were the other bidders on this deal. But even in cases where private equity firms end up outbidding corporate investors, it is at the expense of much higher valuations (and thus much lower returns for their investors). In a recent example, Polycom, the video conferencing technology manufacturer, was the object of a bidding war between Mitel Networks (a corporate) on the one hand, and Siris Capital, a tech focused private equity firm. This bidding war between both groups resulted in Siris Capital’s initial offer being raised more than 20%, resulting in a $2.0 billion deal.
Result: PE Funds Are Finding it Harder and Harder to Find Good Deals
Not surprisingly, the excess of demand for deals has pushed valuations to highs only seen in the pre-recession years: a median purchase price of 9.2 times EBITDA globally, and 10.9 times EBITDA in the U.S., the highest figure since 2007.
![Chart 12: Average EBITDA Purchase Price Multiple for US LBO Transactions](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123209%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327218343-2dbea5b34329d7883fda4d4078e88596.jpg)
The resulting situation is therefore a perfect storm for PE funds: record-high valuations sustained by record levels of competition amongst PE firms and corporates. This therefore suggests that valuations are only likely to keep growing, PE firms will struggle to find attractive deals, and returns will generally suffer due to the unfavorable market conditions.
And in fact, we are already seeing the effects of all this. According to PitchBook, US buyout activity has been cooling over the past three-and-a-half years, and in Q2 2016 reached 2013 levels (Chart 13).
![Chart 13: US PE Activity by Quarter](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123210%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327227222-e9ce192a87903ad767e93edacbf627ba.jpg)
Returns for the asset class have also already begun to suffer. As can be seen in Chart 14 below, median net internal rates of returns (IRRs) have been largely stagnant since the beginning of the century at the 10% per year mark. In some ways, returns followed the general market downward, but as can be seen in chart 15, even as the public markets recovered, PE returns have not improved to any significant degree.
![Chart 14: Median Net IRRs and Quartile Boundaries by Vintage Year (as of June 2016, All private equity, All Regions); and Chart 15: PE KS-PME Benchmark by Vintage](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123211%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327235870-f7bd467eb1b31c9d9ecb55f9a880490c.jpg)
Bottom-Up Threats
Increased Regulation
Further evidence that private equity is a maturing industry is the increased amount of regulation the sector has experienced in recent years. In June 2011, the SEC mandated that buyout firms comply with the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, a change that gave the regulator legal recourse to audit buyout firms’ financials at a much higher level of detail. And as is often the case, the implementation of new regulations leads to the discovery of non-compliant industry players.
In May 2014, the head of the SEC’s Office of Compliance Inspections and Examination, Andrew Bowden, said he discovered “illegal fees or severe compliance shortfalls” in more than half of the 112 buyout firms investigated. On May 6th, 2014 the regulator later published a report titled Spreading Sunshine in Private Equity, in which it accused GPs of using “broad, imprecise language” that resulted in opacity “when transparency is most needed.” The report also mentioned that of the firms the SEC had inspected, “violations of law or material weaknesses in controls [have been found] over 50% of the time.” Another observation pointed out that limited partners (LPs) often struggled to “adequately monitor” both their investments and the activities of their GPs. Bowden highlights that while LPs conduct substantial due diligence before investing, investor oversight is much more lax after closing. Potential problems in portfolio companies are then concealed or diluted by GPs utilizing “broadly worded disclosures and poor transparency.”
Another area of controversy for regulators was the tax rate fund managers had to pay on profits for investments, the “carried interest” as it is referred to in the private equity industry. In the U.S., fund managers’ management fees are taxed at income tax rates. In most cases, fees on these earnings to managers landed in the highest tier, or almost at 40%. However carried interest earnings are considered long-term capital gains. In an effort to promote investment, back in the 1930s, the U.S. government created a provision in the tax code allowing a much lower tax rate for long-term capital gains, around 20%. This has been seen by many as a loophole in the tax system as fund managers would pay an unfairly small tax rate on much of their earnings which, in reality, should be taxed as personal income.
In June 2015 the “Carried Interest Fairness Act of 2015” bill was introduced aiming to close this loophole. The numbers resulting from this bill are not trivial. In a New York Times article, professor Victor Fleischer estimates the US government could be raising as much as $180 billion over ten years.
Furthermore, In January 2016, the Institutional Limited Partners Association (ILPA) issued the Fee Reporting Template. This guideline is designed to show investors, in a transparent manner, how money is collected by GPs, and how costs are accounted for and offset. Albeit optional for most, the adoption of the template by giant fund managers of the size of TPG and other important GPs has set a road to standardization for other industry players. With competition in the sector at all time highs, investors will seek those administrators that provide good returns but also more transparency throughout the investment cycle.
In a 2016 survey with managers of 103 funds, Ernst & Young found that “the percentage of fund managers who said that their firm had been subjected to exams or audits over the past two years rose to 47% in 2015, up from […] 28% in 2013” (Chart 16). It is therefore not a surprise that in the same survey, 64% of managers mentioned that regulation was one of the key topics making day to day operations more complex (Chart 17). With more countries following the leading examples of more mature markets, regulation is a topic that will continue to add complexity to the day to day operation of LBO funds.
![Chart 16: Were You Subject to a Regulatory Audit or Examination in the Past Two Years?; and Chart 17: What Contributes to Your Firm's Complexity?](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123212%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327246940-b36aa819a833fb619a9ba0d0c35ce566.jpg)
LP Scrutiny and Pressure
The regulatory push has had another effect. According to a survey conducted by Preqin in June 2016, a significant number of investors are increasingly demanding lower management fees, asking for more transparency from fund managers as well as asking for more transparency in the reporting of and a reduced amount of performance fees (Chart 18).
![Chart 18: Areas of Fund Terms Investorys Feel Have Shown the Most Improvement over the Past 12 Months and That Need to Improve further in the Next 12 Months](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123213%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327255213-0b100509bc6bbdbcf7f8c9484050ed6e.jpg)
The demand for greater transparency has also generated a shift in the type of vehicles in which investors are willing to place their money. LPs are evolving and increasing in sophistication. Utilizing separate accounts allows LPs to significantly increase their exposure to a specific asset class. Direct investments and co-investments are some of the most popular investment vehicles to have emerged in recent years, as they allow investors to participate in transactions at—or almost at—par with GPs, and offers an ideal way for investors to reduce fees.
![Figure 2: LPs Are Now Co-investing Directly into PE Portfolio Companies](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123214%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327263569-16e3dd705617058f8524d0c599c791c8.jpg)
The shift is not surprising. A $2 billion fund operating under the 2-20 model, charging a two percent fee on assets under management and a 20% fee on profits generated, results in the firm managing those assets earning $40 million every year, regardless of profits. A substantial figure for “keeping the lights on.” As shown before, at the median ~12% annual IRR profits on a $2 billion fund would result in another $48 million in performance fees. This means that in almost 50% of the cases, mediocre investing results led to management fee earnings exceeding performance-based earnings, raising questions on the fairness of such fee structures.
But the problem for buyout firms arising from direct investments and co-investments by LPs into portfolio companies really becomes evident when some of these LPs start competing for deals against the PE funds themselves. Unlike in the U.S. where public pension funds are barred from participating in direct acquisitions, in other countries such as Canada, this is not the case. An example LP/GP competition includes Canada’s Public Pension Plan (CPPP) June 2015 acquisition of the buyout lending arm of General Electric, Antares. CPPP paid $12 billion to directly acquire the asset. Other interested parties in the deal included Apollo Management, Ares Capital (both buyout firms) and Mitsubishi Bank. Another bidding battle where the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, the organization responsible for investing the funds of the CPPP, which outbid Australia’s GPT Group, a large buyout firm, was in the $2.83 billion offer to take over Commonwealth Bank of Australia’s listed property trust. These are particularly controversial examples because Canadian pension funds are traditionally some of the leading private equity firms’ main limited partners.
![Chart 19: LP Use of Alternative Structures Increasing](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123215%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327271061-ce19b5829a1036b6d1d4fd6b2628b425.jpg)
Another area in which LPs are increasingly voicing concerns relates to the level of GPs’ participation in their funds. In Ernst & Young’s 2016 Global Private Equity Fund and Investor Survey, 73% of investors indicated their preference for funds where general partners had at least a 3% commitment on the funds, with almost half of those respondents preferring GP commitments above 5% of all assets under management (Chart 20). Investors are expecting GPs to have more skin in the game as this is one of the best ways to reduce GPs’ sole reliance on management fees and to spur a higher focus on the funds’ performance. According to Preqin (Chart 21), in 56% of cases, GPs’ commitments were less than 3% during 2014.
![Chart 20: GP Commitments as a Percentage of Fund Size; and Chart 21: Investors' Preferred Level of GP Commitment](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123216%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327282200-697591166c0212306c0eb31b944c9bab.jpg)
Looking Ahead: The Opportunities for PE Funds
Given the above, PE funds have increasingly begun to innovate and alter their traditional operating models in order to remain relevant. Below, we outline some of the main ways in which they are trying to do so.
Switching Industry Focus
Based on Bloomberg data, the bulk of deals in the buyout space are placed in the consumer goods and finance industries (not the traditional banking sectors, but more likely the distressed financial assets space) and this trend is expected to continue going forward (Chart 22). Nevertheless, as Bloomberg points out, investors will need to be “exceptionally selective” to avoid overpaying for investments.
![Chart 22: Top Four Sectors by Deal Volume - 2015 PE Deals](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123217%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327290455-329c50a940ef99cfac50c5a2651420e5.jpg)
But there are other sectors not traditionally associated with private equity where buyout firms can achieve more significant returns. For instance, the boundaries between what investors consider the traditional private equity LBO space and the Venture Capital space are less clear than ever before. As mentioned in our opening section, Buyout private equity does not correspond to an asset class per se, but to a style of investment. The main difference between both models is, in essence, the maturity stage of the companies where each type of investment, venture or private, is destined to.
But as pressures grow on the PE space to change, buyout funds have increasingly been finding new opportunities to invest in late-stage, pre-IPO technology firms. Many of these target companies are still fast growing, profitable companies and offer high returns—even if they are still called “startups” in some cases. In fact, some of the most well known private tech “startups” such as Uber, Airbnb, Spotify, Pinterest, etc. all have significant investments from large and traditional private equity groups. In 2016, Supercell, the creators of the record-breaking Clash of Clans video game, raised $8.6 billion mainly from private equity funds. In 2015, Airbnb raised $1.5 billion with a leading investment by private equity Group General Atlantic. Uber has also raised several rounds of funding in which private equity or other private capital funds participated.
![Chart 23: Tech-focused PE funds by Size ($ billion)](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123218%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327298297-53928e1348b337d2e945d5eb5b95297c.jpg)
Interesting to note from the chart above is the recent close of Softbank’s enormous Vision Fund. As Bloomberg notes, with nearly $100 billion in capital, “The Vision Fund gives [Masayoshi Son] access to a pool of capital unparalleled in the worlds of private equity or venture capital – the equivalent of four Silver Lakes or 15 Sequoia Capitals.” With so much capital already starting to focus on the tech sector, it’s not unrealistic to expect that returns will soon also be affected in this space.
In a December 2016 article, McKinsey also highlights other sectors likely to see greater activity in 2016 include pharma and healthcare, as wealth is further concentrated in the hands of baby boomers. In February 2017, Blackstone acquired Team Health, a physician services organization, in a deal valued at $6.1 billion. Almost a year before that, private equity investor Riverside Company bought New Jersey-based Dermatology Group for an undisclosed total. On May 2016, Hellman & Friedman acquired MultiPlan, a provider of healthcare cost-management at a $7.5 billion valuation.
A Greater Emphasis on the “Buy and Build” Strategy
Another popular recent tactic has been the shift to, or greater emphasis on, “buy and build” strategies. Many buyout firms prefer to expand their investments into smaller companies within an industry that are similar to those already in their portfolios. Such acquisitions give PE firms the freedom to direct existing portfolio investments in new directions, and allows them to realize strategic synergies similar to corporate investors.
The merging of enterprises in adjacent markets and industries also allows buyout firms to create large targets that become interesting for larger corporations whose appetite would have ignored smaller players. According to BCG’s article The Power of Buy and Build: How private equity Firms Fuel Next-Level Value Creation, “As value creation has moved beyond financial engineering, operational improvement is the most frequently used lever. In particular, many PE firms are enhancing the value of their portfolio companies through add-on acquisitions.” According to the same study, buy and build deals outperform standalone PE deals generating an average of 31.6% from entry to exit, compared to an IRR of 23.1% on standalone deals.
One of the most significant recent examples of the buy and build strategy include Kraft’s acquisition of Heinz, where Berkshire Hathaway and 3G Capital were some of the main investors pouring $10 billion into the deal. The other most significant example was the 2016 acquisition of EMC by Dell for $67 billion, which resulted in the world’s largest privately-controlled tech company. In 2013, Silver Lake helped take Dell private in a deal valued at $24.9 billion. Two years later, Silver Lake continued its bet on the company by helping fund the acquisition of EMC in a deal valued at $67 billion (amounts invested by Silver Lake were not disclosed).
![Chart 24: Add-on Deals Have Increased as Funds Resort to Buy-and-Build Strategies to Boost Returns](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123219%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327314498-a117b9d07cce16e25201834e766313c4.jpg)
An Increased Focus on Portfolio Management and Operational Improvements
Beyond financial engineering of acquisitions, a critical tool for private equity firms to generate portfolio value is to find operational efficiencies. Financial engineering, aside from other tactics such as tax reduction, mainly consists of adding leverage to a company to maximize returns for investors and managing cash flows to guarantee the interests that need to be paid on that leverage are paid. With higher valuations on new portfolio companies at entry, this is no longer enough. Finding operational efficiencies is now becoming a necessity in order to generate value for investors.
As described in the Ernst & Young 2016 Private Equity Survey, “many fund managers have been forced to consider redesigning their business models as part of a renewed strategic focus on controlling costs and improving operational efficiencies.” Due diligence processes therefore no longer focus primarily (or even exclusively) on the capacity of a firm to absorb leverage, but also on the capacity to generate operational improvements (be it from a company’s capacity to grow its top line, reduce its operational overhead, or, in most cases, a combination of both).
The above means that PE funds have had to take far more active roles in their investments. As a Boston Consulting Group article reads: “The relatively passive, monitor-only approaches of yesteryear are no longer enough; industries as varied as retail and healthcare are being jostled and jolted so much that today’s portfolio businesses require constant interaction, exposure, and insights from experts—either internal or external—as well as constant recalibration of the growth assumptions behind the investments themselves.” In other words, private equity funds are no longer solely sources of capital, but are now strategic partners and advisors to the companies they acquire.
Greater Use of Technology and Outsourcing
Private equity funds have started to invest in new software for portfolio analytics and management, digital platforms supporting better communication with investors, and increased automation of routine processes (a major area of pain for fund managers according to E&Y’s latest Private Equity Survey). With the variety of fund structures and operating models, there are unfortunately no off-the-shelf solutions that fit every need. But more generally, putting aside investment in technology solutions, managers are improving operational efficiencies by increasingly relying on outsourcing of administrative and tactical tasks.
Based on the Ernst & Young survey mentioned above, in terms of outsourcing certain operating functions, 88%, 82%, and 71% of investors agree that tax compliance, treasury, and fund accounting, respectively, are areas they feel comfortable moving to third parties. For fund managers, this is a great opportunity to focus more on their core activities and reduce the time needed on admin tasks that distract them from creating value for their LPs. Other areas where fund managers rely on third parties are in valuation of assets, due diligence processes and risk management services. More and more, outsourcing is endorsed by investors as a sustainable means to improve operational efficiency.
![Chart 25: Can Technology Solve the Biggest Problems?; and Chart 26: CFOs See the Benefits of Outsourcing](https://assets.toptal.io/images?url=https%3A%2F%2Fuploads.toptal.io%2Fblog%2Fimage%2F123220%2Ftoptal-blog-image-1496327323711-0a1b250306c83fbad90f66fba3199800.jpg)
Conclusion
As we’ve shown, the traditional buyout model is showing symptoms of a maturing industry. And as has been the case in many other industries over the years, the winners will be those who learn to adapt to new market conditions. Some of the traditional private equity groups, such as Blackstone and Carlyle, are already showing their ability to embrace change.
In July 2016, Blackstone added Jim Breyer to its board of directors, a billionaire who made his fortune in the venture capital space. Blackstone president Hamilton James mentioned that “Jim’s stellar record as an investor and knack for identifying the winners of tomorrow make him a superb fit […] to move the firm forward in new ways.” In February 2017, Blackstone announced the acquisition of Aon Technology for $4.8 billion. Aon is the largest benefits administration platform in the US and a leading provider for cloud-based HR management systems.
In September 2015, Carlyle acquired PA Consulting, a British consulting firm specialized in technology, innovation, and public sector work. One of the reasons for the acquisition is “to give PA more firepower to attract and train staff and to buy other groups” as per the Financial Times article. This is perhaps one of the clearest examples to date of the PE sector’s increased focus on active portfolio management.
But regardless of the winds of change facing the industry, the good news for PE funds is that appetite from investors doesn’t seem to be slowing much for now. A record 1,829 funds are in the market seeking an aggregate of $620 billion. According to Preqin, with LPs also sitting very liquid as a result of continued distributions from the PE asset class, “fundraising has never looked so appealing.” Silver Lake Partners, the technology-focused private equity firm behind Dell, announced in April 2017 that it raised a $15 billion in capital for a tech-focused fund, overwriting its $12.5 billion target. Now the company has $39 billion in combined assets under management focused in the sector. Some of its portfolio holdings also include Alibaba and GoDaddy.
To conclude, the private equity industry seems highly likely to be entering a phase of maturity. But despite the strain, private equity funds are already starting to adapt to the new environment, suggesting that the asset class is likely to remain one of the favourites for private capital LPs in the years to come. As the now-legendary investor Henry Kravis says himself:
We thrive on innovation. George and I really try to stay on the cutting edge. I love it […] The [private equity] industry will stay certainly more competitive than the last 40 years, there’s no question about that. So I imagine there will be many more private equity firms than there are today. It’s very hard to kill a private equity firm. You can kill a hedge fund overnight; people pull their money out as fast as they put it in. You can’t pull your money out of a private equity firm as easily.
Understanding the basics
What is a private equity fund?
A fund structured as a Limited Partnership, created for the purpose of buying equity stakes in companies in a range of industries (usually a majority stake) and to grow the businesses and later sell these and realise a profit. They traditionally have an investment period of 5-7 years.
What is the meaning of private capital?
Private Capital is a broad label applied to any private investment fund or vehicle that invests in the securities of companies, real estate and other real assets. The shape and form of these vehicles can vary, but what they all have in common is that they are privately held, as opposed to publicly traded.
What is a leveraged buyout?
An acquisition or buyout of a company in which a large proportion of the acquisition financing comes in the form of debt (as opposed to equity)
What is a management buyout?
An acquisition or buyout of a company by the managers, or former management, of the company. These are often backed by private equity funds.
Anuar Heberlein
Seattle, WA, United States
January 4, 2017
About the author
Anuar has executed $1bn+ worth of transactions across the Americas. He’s an expert in growth strategy, M&A, and valuation.
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