A New Frontier: Blockchain Energy Solutions
Innovative energy companies are deploying blockchain to streamline operations and improve customer experience. Building on our first article, we explore case studies in energy and highlight similar themes and lessons for exploring real-world blockchain applications.
Innovative energy companies are deploying blockchain to streamline operations and improve customer experience. Building on our first article, we explore case studies in energy and highlight similar themes and lessons for exploring real-world blockchain applications.
As a sales and finance specialist, Matt has raised over $30m for his businesses, in addition to founding his own wellness company.
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The global energy market fundamentally enables the modern economy to function. Soon, the processes enabling energy commodities to flow from source to customer may be transformed by blockchain energy applications. Recent partnerships between leading multinational oil, gas and utility companies and blockchain innovators foreshadow a new frontier for energy.
In the following article we explore two fascinating applications of blockchain to real-world business challenges in energy. Through these examples, we revisit themes from our first blockchain application article, including:
- Blockchain innovation strategy for large enterprises
- Rapid experimentation through diverse pilot projects
- Blockchain driving efficiency in highly complex transactions
Global energy: a massive economic opportunity
In terms of total dollar volume and economic impact, few industries surpass the scale of the global energy market. The global value of oil, natural gas, and electricity amount to $5 trillion annually, vastly surpassing other raw materials commodities.
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Energy can be broadly divided into two categories: fossil fuel-related products, and electricity. Within the fossil-fuel category, exploration & production, refinery, transportation and retail companies manufacture and transport various oil-derived products from the ground to end-user. Within the electricity category, generation and transmission companies create and deliver electricity to end-users.
Blockchain Background and Relevance to Energy
As with other highly-regulated, transaction-intensive industries such as banking, structural elements that underpin the energy industry are well-suited for blockchain application.
In our first article, we profiled two use-cases: trade finance and supply chain traceability. In each case, multiple parties orchestrated complex transactions and information flows. To streamline transactions, they developed blockchain applications, which reduced cycle time and errors, provided higher transparency, and ultimately, lowered cost.
Early blockchain applications in energy combine aspects of both use cases, as they target supply chain efficiency and multiparty financial transactions. Similar to most enterprise blockchain applications, those covered in this article rely on permissioned ledgers, which differ fundamentally from popular public blockchains, such as Bitcoin, because they are not accessible to everyone. Instead, a designated administrator dictates user access and information rights.
In an approach similar to consortia, which we also covered in our first article, blockchain innovators are organizing groups of industry participants with common interests, and orchestrating efforts to build new products that will replace underperforming legacy systems.
Energy Trading & Risk Management (ETRM)
Within the oil & natural gas markets, vast supply chains interlink to discover, extract, refine and distribute product to end customers. To coordinate energy trading activities across the network of counterparties, companies employ energy trading and risk management (ETRM). ETRM refers broadly to the workflow that underpins commodity trades, and specifically to the software that enables information flow.
ETRM presents an ideal use-case for blockchain
ETRM supports energy trading across a wide range of commodity markets, including crude oil, refined products, natural gas, and electric power. Within each segment, a multitude of participants - including companies that produce, refine, distribute and retail - trade information related to pricing, position management, logistics and risk reporting.
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While the global market for ETRM software generates a relatively modest $1 billion of annual revenue, its impact is outsized, influencing trillions of dollars of energy resources annually. With global oil & natural gas exports, alone - a conservative estimate of the total notional value impacted - ETRM directed $855 billion of commodity flow in 2016.
Current ETRMs are siloed and inefficient
To illustrate the landscape in which ETRM functions, its current limitations, and the opportunity for blockchain, a brief walk through a typical commodity trade is helpful. At a high level, the trade culminates in three forms of settlement between two parties:
- Digital - IT systems for both parties reconcile trade information
- Physical - Seller delivers commodity to Buyer
- Financial - Buyer delivers payment to Seller
In a simplified energy trade, as highlighted by a recent article from the Cleantech Group, Buyer and Seller initiate the transaction. Both parties confirm the commodity price by consulting the relevant price exchange, for example the CME for West Texas Intermediate crude oil.
Then, working through an online exchange or a broker, Buyer initiates the purchase. After settling the trade, both Buyer and Seller enter transaction details into their ETRM systems, then send identical information to their broker and each other, confirming the trade and ensuring information matches. The data reconciliation step often relies on emailed spreadsheets, or some other manual cross-check, which increases transaction time and vulnerability to human error.
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Blockchain helps oil & gas companies improve ETRM
With the above in mind, industry participants have started turning to blockchain as a way to improve and render more efficient the ETRM systems orchestrating trading activity. Accordingly, several promising pilots are underway to explore how blockchain applications can overhaul these systems.
In a leading example, Blockchain Technology Group (BTL) recognized a familiar pattern of transaction inefficiency witnessed in banking. As a result, they adapted technology originally piloted with Visa and several European banks in 2016. In that pilot, BTL’s Interbit blockchain system helped banks more efficiently transfer money across international borders, offering a potential alternative to incumbent systems such as Swift. Building on the finance pilot success, BTL positioned Interbit to serve two needs unique to oil and gas customers: privacy and speed.
To optimize for these needs, BTL built a proprietary blockchain. Though similar in structure to popular versions such as bitcoin and Ethereum, Interbit is a unique, permissioned ledger. By comparison, a blockchain such as Ethereum would put all customer data in one place, whereas Interbit creates a unique blockchain for each bilateral customer relationship. Each of these blockchains, in turn, connects to a master blockchain. As a result, the Interbit structure creates a more flexible permissioned system, in which BTL grants information access solely to transacting counterparties.
BTL also optimized Interbit for speed, recognizing unique scalability needs of its customers. Unlike bitcoin or Ethereum, which can only process 7 and 15 transactions, respectively, Interbit can process 100,000+ transactions per second.
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BTL first targeted gas trading, where legacy process relied on cumbersome document trading. As customary practice, buyers generate a nomination - a request for a physical quantity, at a specified price, delivered to a specified point - to the upstream seller. The nomination is often emailed as an attached PDF to all operators participating in the transaction. Once these parties receive the nomination, they enter the data into their ETRM software. However, nominations are often updated, requiring all participants to subsequently search through the updated PDF to locate new information and repeat the manual data entry process.
Although notionally simple, the manual reconciliation process is practically complex and costly, requiring multiple days or months to complete. Further, transaction time increases when trading parties are not subsidiaries within the same company. Long settlement times translate to higher cost, as counterparties must allocate trade collateral in the form of committed capital, which is only freed up once the trade is settled.
Enter Blockchain. More than improving the reconciliation process, it entirely eliminates it. According to BTL:
“Reconciliation is baked into the process of adding data to the chain. Data entry errors are eliminated, as entries inconsistent with information held by counterparties will not be validated and added to the record… A transparent and synchronized distributed ledger provides immediate settlement and an authoritative record of gas estimates, when they were provided, and who signed off on them.”
Interbit streamlined the ETRM process by simplifying trade reconciliation and settlement, consequently reducing energy trading costs in three distinct categories:
- IT investment
- Fees to third party brokers
- Collateral requirements
Commenting on the broader implications of blockchain technology on energy, Toptal Finance expert Scott Bernstein, who served as CFO for multiple oil & gas ventures, noted:
“If blockchain can expedite the cumbersome work streams of energy trading, the impact on the industry will be profound. Further, it can significantly de-risk cross border commodity transactions by potentially standardizing authentication with counterparties in emerging markets.”
A staged pilot strategy builds credibility and momentum
While blockchain holds great potential to improve ETRM systems, transitioning to this new technology is complex and should be done carefully. Continuing with the BTL example, the company pursued a measured approach over the past 2 years, launching a series of pilot programs with diverse global energy companies.
With each successive pilot, BTL built on prior success, expanding scope and the number of innovation partners. In a strategy reminiscent of blockchain consortia covered in our first article, BTL efforts orchestrated strategic objectives from multiple parties with a shared interest - in this case, more efficient energy trading.
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In January 2018, BTL announced its expanded enterprise offering, called OneOffice, a solution designed to capture savings across the trade lifecycle. Recognizing their successful collaboration record to date, beta phase partner Eni noted:
“Following our experience during the European energy pilot, we look forward to expanding the scope to enable straight through processing through the whole settlement process as well as bringing wider participation from the industry.”
The theme of building upon early success, particularly by drawing more industry partners, echoes the trajectory of blockchain developments in other industries, such as the food supply chain. In each vertical, as additional partners contribute resources and product feedback, the solutions under development will undoubtedly strengthen.
Distributed Energy and Peer to Peer Electricity Sales
In addition to oil & gas, the electricity market holds great potential for blockchain applications. Renewable energy, in particular, introduces market dynamics that are well-suited for the distributed ledger. As a growing electricity source, renewables should increasingly influence utilities and customers to adopt blockchain-based solutions that improve market efficiency.
Although renewables only account for about 10% of global electricity generated, they are rapidly displacing fossil fuel generation. In 2017, new investment in renewables accounted for more than 50% of new generation capacity added.
Several drivers are pushing renewables to the forefront. Installed cost has plummeted, with wind turbines falling 30% and solar panels 80% since 2009, according to the the International Renewable Energy Agency. Increasingly, lower installed cost enables renewable energy developers to bid competitively against fossil fuel generation, often without government subsidy.
As the electricity generation mix becomes increasingly distributed, particularly in the form of residential and small commercial solar installations, new opportunities arise for electricity supply and demand to meet. With growing networks of distributed generation and net metering capability, consumers now have the ability to more directly monitor and control their power consumption and production.
As with oil and gas, electricity trading poses a compelling use case for blockchain. Similarly, electricity trading occurs between a variety of counterparties who stand to benefit from a shared ledger of trading activity. The burgeoning peer-to-peer energy market is already deploying blockchain to improve transaction economics for buyers and sellers.
Blockchain applications in the Australian electricity market
Distributed renewables such as rooftop solar have become increasingly cost competitive, particularly in sunny regions such as Australia, where retail energy costs rank highest globally.
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Within the Australian electricity market, a blockchain startup called Power Ledger identified an unmet opportunity at the intersection of high electricity prices, increasing distributed solar energy, and unattractive options for consumers to sell surplus energy. To serve the unmet need, they developed an eponymous technology, a blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trading platform that enables consumers to sell surplus solar energy to neighbors without a middleman.
Power Ledger enables distributed energy resources - particularly rooftop solar - to be shared more efficiently. Built upon their proprietary EcoChain blockchain system, described in their white paper, the platform allows energy producers - which Power Ledger calls “prosumers” - to sell energy to nearby consumers, providing both seller and buyer better economics by cutting out the middleman.
Summarizing consumer incentives, which ultimately drive the Power Ledger thesis of peer-to-peer energy trading, co-founder Dr. Jemma Green noted:
“Consumers don’t like selling their power back to the retailer and buying it back at a higher price. … Presently, if you’ve got surplus solar electricity you sell it back for a low feed-in tariff and buy it back (from the grid) for a high rate.”
Supporting the Power Ledger approach, both the the Australian government and one of Australia’s largest utilities, Origin Energy, signed on to sponsor multiple pilot projects. The former awarded Power Ledger an $8 million grant to deploy Interbit to monitor energy and water usage in the city of Fremantle, providing the “transactional layer” to a consortium of academic, infrastructure and technology partners. In the Origin Energy pilot, Power Ledger connected customers who wanted to either sell or buy excess electricity.
In both cases, the Power Ledger blockchain digitized electricity, allowing consumers to trade it in the form of tokens called Sparkz. A sparkz represents a specified amount of energy, pegged 1:1 to the local currency, and is redeemable from the sponsoring utility or relevant authority.
For example, electricity customers could trade one kilowatt-hour of solar energy for perhaps, 15 Sparkz, which would be redeemable from Origin for $A0.15 Australian dollars. A seller who received Sparkz for energy sold to her neighbor could redeem Sparkz for currency from Origin.
Explaining the Sparkz transaction, Green noted:
“As somebody purchases or consumes electricity, [the trade] is recorded on the blockchain and those two pieces of information form the transaction for which Sparkz are transferred… The actual recording of the electricity is the movement of Sparkz from the buyer’s wallet to the seller’s wallet.”
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Although early stages for PowerLedger, partner sentiment and consumer impact are encouraging. Echoing the curiosity likely shared by peers, Origin executive Tony Lucas noted:
“While it’s still fairly early days for this technology, we are keen to explore the potential benefits that peer-to-peer energy trading could offer our customers. Power Ledger is one of a number of emerging technologies we’re currently exploring, which we believe could help us meet the changing needs of our customers.”
Based on savings data collected from early pilots, Power Ledger stands to massively impact Australian consumers. Results from a 2016 pilot suggest households could save $A600 annually - nearly 40% of the average 2017 bill - using Power Ledger.
Regulatory support equally vital as successful pilots
Capturing both the opportunity and challenge inherent in blockchain adoption, Marco Dunand, co-founder of Mercuria, a leading global commodity trader and BTL partner, described current trading processes - which blockchain stands to replace - as “pre-archaic.” Surely, executives from other transaction-intensive verticals witness similarly outdated processes.
And while blockchain should relieve the byzantine document flows, Dunand acknowledged another imminent challenge: the legal obstacles of getting governing authorities to recognize blockchain. As such, as more industry leaders follow suit and invest resources into pilots, they should match investment in R&D with comparable effort in educating regulators, helping them comprehend - and ultimately endorse - the discoveries of their exploratory endeavors.
Matt Dixon
Charlottesville, VA, United States
September 25, 2017
About the author
As a sales and finance specialist, Matt has raised over $30m for his businesses, in addition to founding his own wellness company.
Expertise
PREVIOUSLY AT